Peaceful Conflict Resolution
A CASE OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
An introduction about Slovak Republic
OPENING
The conflict between one and another country and within one country very often ends with the sacrifice of human being. The First World War and Second World War are the most common quoted as an example of how nations ended its conflict through arms conflict. History recorded that thousands and thousands even millions innocent died and suffered from the wars.
This presentation is intended to present an example of peaceful conflict resolution within a country whose former name was Czechoslovakia. How they solved the conflict is interesting as it can be a model or an example for the countries with internal conflict. This presentation is not based on the detailed research and that is why it needs to be criticized.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN BRIEF
The unification of Slovaks and Czechs was most fostered by the awareness of the Slovaks that they needed an ally for their struggle against Hungary Empire. On 28 October 1918 during the World War I, Slovaks declared its independence from Hungary Empire and joined with the Czech establishing the country of Czechoslovakia. A Parliamentary democratic government then was formed and the capital of the country was Prague.
Soon after the independence of the country, the fact was Slovaks and Czech had huge dereferences. Slovaks’ economy was more agrarian and less developed than Czech. The majority of Slovaks were practicing Catholics while Czech leaders limited the power of the church. Slovaks in comparison with Czechs were less education and experiences for self-government. This disparities cause the centralization of the government in Prague in which most Czechs received benefits and developed a structure of government dominated by the Czechs. The slump of economy in 1930s increased the dissatisfaction among Slovaks and this conditioned supported the growing of nationalist movement. Father Andrej Hlinka was the frontier to call equality between Czechs and Slovaks.
The rise of Nazi Germany in 1930s led the end of the Czechoslovak federation. Fearing that the federal government would not be able to protect Slovak interests, Slovak leaders founded an autonomous provincial government and approved a new constitution creating a short-lived of the Czechoslovakia Republic. And then, Slovaks withdrew from the federation and declare its own independence on March 14, 1939 and Father Tiso was chosen as head of the government.
With independence, the Germans occupied Slovakia with Tiso’s support on August 1939 and the country entered World War II as German’s ally. An underground resistance movement got supported from Slovaks and organized Slovak National Uprising against German control. In 1945 when the Second World War II ended the republic of Czechoslovakia was revived with support of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Between 1945 and 1948 Communist Party and other political party ruled the country in a coalition government. The influence of communist party became the only effective party in Czechoslovakia. In August 21, 1968 USSR invaded Czechoslovakia to avoid the reform of the communist system in the country led by Alexander Dubcek. However, in January 1969 a new socialist federal republic was established granting Czech and Slovak Republics autonomy over local affairs. During 1970s and 1980s, both in Czech and Slovakia struggle movement aroused against USSR.
The revolts against communist government in 1989 swept through eastern European encouraged Slovaks and Czechs in mass protests against the communist government within the country. The communist government resigned and non-communist took control over the country. The free election then held in June 1990 won by PAV (Public Against Violence) in Slovak and Vaclas Havel in Czech. Havel and Marian Calfa became President and Vice President. The government was led by Vladimir Meciar.
THE BREAKUP OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
But the problems did not soon resolve. The problem of economy, policy reformation and the power distribution between federal and republic level caused tensions among the two regions. The dispute made the reform process complicated and prevented the adoption of a new federal constitution. The result of June 1992 elections showed the growing split between the two Czechs and Slovaks. Vladimir Meciar became prime minister in Slovak and Vaclav Klaus became Prime Minister in Czech. Those two parties won the two largest representations in parliament. Disagreements were intensified and there was no form of federal government could satisfy both. In July 1992, Slovakia declared itself as a sovereign state meaning that its law took superiority over those of federal government’s. In November 1992, federal parliament voted to separate the country officially on December 31 despite polls indicating that the majority of the people opposed the split. In January 1993, Czechoslovakia was replaced by two independent states; Slovakia Republic and Czech Republic. Slovakia puts Bratislava as the new capital of the country.
1993’S SEPERATION
The 1993’s separation was peaceful with the parliament decision to separate the regions into two independent countries. This separation became turning point of the advances of Slovak Republic achieve at the moment.
CLOSING
This presentation is just a very brief portrait of how a conflict can be resolved without arms conflict. This peaceful transition can be an example for those countries under arms conflict.
It’s not finished yet.
Duman Wau
Bratislava; The Capital of
Slovak Republic
Flag of Slovenska Republika
Reference:
http://www.slovakia.org/
http://slovakia.eunet.sk/
This topic was actually inspired by the talking with Adriana about her country.
She gave me input after the draft. Monique improved my English.
Scott and EWC staffs give me opportunity to learn new things.
More than Thank you for all of you.
A CASE OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
An introduction about Slovak Republic
OPENING
The conflict between one and another country and within one country very often ends with the sacrifice of human being. The First World War and Second World War are the most common quoted as an example of how nations ended its conflict through arms conflict. History recorded that thousands and thousands even millions innocent died and suffered from the wars.
This presentation is intended to present an example of peaceful conflict resolution within a country whose former name was Czechoslovakia. How they solved the conflict is interesting as it can be a model or an example for the countries with internal conflict. This presentation is not based on the detailed research and that is why it needs to be criticized.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN BRIEF
The unification of Slovaks and Czechs was most fostered by the awareness of the Slovaks that they needed an ally for their struggle against Hungary Empire. On 28 October 1918 during the World War I, Slovaks declared its independence from Hungary Empire and joined with the Czech establishing the country of Czechoslovakia. A Parliamentary democratic government then was formed and the capital of the country was Prague.
Soon after the independence of the country, the fact was Slovaks and Czech had huge dereferences. Slovaks’ economy was more agrarian and less developed than Czech. The majority of Slovaks were practicing Catholics while Czech leaders limited the power of the church. Slovaks in comparison with Czechs were less education and experiences for self-government. This disparities cause the centralization of the government in Prague in which most Czechs received benefits and developed a structure of government dominated by the Czechs. The slump of economy in 1930s increased the dissatisfaction among Slovaks and this conditioned supported the growing of nationalist movement. Father Andrej Hlinka was the frontier to call equality between Czechs and Slovaks.
The rise of Nazi Germany in 1930s led the end of the Czechoslovak federation. Fearing that the federal government would not be able to protect Slovak interests, Slovak leaders founded an autonomous provincial government and approved a new constitution creating a short-lived of the Czechoslovakia Republic. And then, Slovaks withdrew from the federation and declare its own independence on March 14, 1939 and Father Tiso was chosen as head of the government.
With independence, the Germans occupied Slovakia with Tiso’s support on August 1939 and the country entered World War II as German’s ally. An underground resistance movement got supported from Slovaks and organized Slovak National Uprising against German control. In 1945 when the Second World War II ended the republic of Czechoslovakia was revived with support of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Between 1945 and 1948 Communist Party and other political party ruled the country in a coalition government. The influence of communist party became the only effective party in Czechoslovakia. In August 21, 1968 USSR invaded Czechoslovakia to avoid the reform of the communist system in the country led by Alexander Dubcek. However, in January 1969 a new socialist federal republic was established granting Czech and Slovak Republics autonomy over local affairs. During 1970s and 1980s, both in Czech and Slovakia struggle movement aroused against USSR.
The revolts against communist government in 1989 swept through eastern European encouraged Slovaks and Czechs in mass protests against the communist government within the country. The communist government resigned and non-communist took control over the country. The free election then held in June 1990 won by PAV (Public Against Violence) in Slovak and Vaclas Havel in Czech. Havel and Marian Calfa became President and Vice President. The government was led by Vladimir Meciar.
THE BREAKUP OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
But the problems did not soon resolve. The problem of economy, policy reformation and the power distribution between federal and republic level caused tensions among the two regions. The dispute made the reform process complicated and prevented the adoption of a new federal constitution. The result of June 1992 elections showed the growing split between the two Czechs and Slovaks. Vladimir Meciar became prime minister in Slovak and Vaclav Klaus became Prime Minister in Czech. Those two parties won the two largest representations in parliament. Disagreements were intensified and there was no form of federal government could satisfy both. In July 1992, Slovakia declared itself as a sovereign state meaning that its law took superiority over those of federal government’s. In November 1992, federal parliament voted to separate the country officially on December 31 despite polls indicating that the majority of the people opposed the split. In January 1993, Czechoslovakia was replaced by two independent states; Slovakia Republic and Czech Republic. Slovakia puts Bratislava as the new capital of the country.
1993’S SEPERATION
The 1993’s separation was peaceful with the parliament decision to separate the regions into two independent countries. This separation became turning point of the advances of Slovak Republic achieve at the moment.
CLOSING
This presentation is just a very brief portrait of how a conflict can be resolved without arms conflict. This peaceful transition can be an example for those countries under arms conflict.
It’s not finished yet.
Duman Wau
Bratislava; The Capital of
Slovak Republic
Flag of Slovenska Republika
Reference:
http://www.slovakia.org/
http://slovakia.eunet.sk/
This topic was actually inspired by the talking with Adriana about her country.
She gave me input after the draft. Monique improved my English.
Scott and EWC staffs give me opportunity to learn new things.
More than Thank you for all of you.
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